Off-Grid Electrical Systems in Developing Countries

Abstract

Over one billion people do not have access to electricity. The majority live in developing countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The consequences of this form of energy poverty can be severe. Most activities end at sunset, unless dangerous and expensive kerosene lamps or candles are used. Children breathe air polluted by smoke from open fires. Women give birth in darkness or without the aid of life-saving electronic medical devices. Rural communities become even more isolated without access to news and information by radio or television. Now, perhaps more than ever, electricity access has caught the attention of the global community. Access to affordable and sustainable energy is one of the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals. Large philanthropic and development organizations are prioritizing electricity access. Even multi-billiondollar technology companies have started electricity access initiatives. An estimated US$50 billion per year is needed through 2030 to achieve universal electricity access. It is estimated that over 100,000 mini-grids will be needed, and that one in three households presently without electricity access will have an offgrid system of some form. This will not happen without a workforce of engineers well prepared to innovate and design systems in the unique context of off-grid communities in developing countries. The purpose of this book is to provide engineers with the essential foundational knowledge of designing and operating off-grid electricity systems in developing countries. This is a first-of-its-kind book that brings together the electrical engineering concepts relevant to off-grid systems. The scope is broad. Throughout the book, examples, design approaches, and practical considerations especially relevant to off-grid systems in developing countries are provided.